The Never Ever List

NMP is used in industrial applications, paints and coatings, adhesives and sealants, electronics manufacturing, and in pharmaceuticals. While it is used in many industrial applications, it can pose health and safety risks, particularly with prolonged or repeated exposure. NMP is known to be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes and can cause irritation, dermatitis, and systemic toxicity.

1,4-Dichlorobenzene is commonly used as an active ingredient in mothballs, deodorizing agents in air fresheners, room sprays, toilet bowl cleaners, and household cleaning products, in pesticides and insecticides in agricultural applications, and in dyes, pigments, and other specialty chemicals. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is considered toxic to humans and high concentrations of its vapor or dust may cause respiratory irritation, neurotoxicity, liver and kidney damage, reproductive and developmental effects, and skin and eye irritation.

2-Butoxyethoxy ethanol, also known as ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE) or butyl cellosolve, is used as a solvent in paints and coatings, cleaners and degreasers, printing inks, and in chemical synthesis processes. Prolonged or repeated exposure can cause irritation of the respiratory tract, throat, and eyes, neurotoxic effects, reproductive toxicity, hematological effects, and skin sensization. Regulatory agencies have established workplace exposure limits and safety guidelines to protect workers and the public from potential hazards associated with EGBE.

Also known as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) or methyl cellosolve, 2-methoxyethoxy ethanol is commonly used as a solvent in paints and coatings, cleaners and degreasers, printing inks, and in chemical synthesis processes. Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause neurotoxic effects, reproductive toxicity, hermatological effects, and skin sensitization. Due to the potential health risks, regulatory aggencies have establisehd workplace exposure limits and safetgy guidelines to protect workers and the public.

2-Naphthylamine and its salts have historically been used in various industrial processes and products. They were used in the production of certain dyes and pigments in textiles, plastics, and other materials. They were employed as an accelerator in the vulcanization of rubber, improving its strength, elasticity, and durability. The use of 2-naphthylamine and its salts has declined significantly as they are carcinogenic to humans. Exposure has been linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer, particularly among workers in industries where it was used.

Also known as Xenylamine, this compound is primarily used as an intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including dyes in textiles, plastics and other materials, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. It is associated with significant health concerns due to its carcinogenic properties. Due to this, regulatory agencies have established guidelines and regulations to limit its exposure.

4-Nitrobiphenyl is an organic compound that is a pale yellow solid at room temperature. It is used primarily as an intermediate in the synthesis of various compounds, including dyes, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. It is considered to be toxic, and exposure to it should be minimized. There are some studies that suggest exposure to 4-nitrobiphenyl may have adverse effects on reproduction and development. Due to this, it is not commonly used in consumer products and its use is highly regulated.

Acrylamide is primarily used in industrial settings for the production of polyacrylamide, a polymer with a wide range of applications such as water treatment, enhanced oil recovery, papermaking, and textile manufacutring. Occupational exposure to acrylamide has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, particularly in workers involved in polyacrylamide production, polymer processing, and wastewater treatment. Overall, acrylamide is primarily used in and its health risks are associated with industrial applications.

Ammonium hydrogen sulfide is an inorganic compound that exists as a colorless to yellowish solution and has a characteristic foul odor resembling that of rotten eggs. It has limited applications, but is used in certain industrial and laboratory processes. Ammonium hydrogen sulfide is toxic if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Direct contact with concentrated solutions can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Symptoms of exposure may include irritation, burning sensation, coughing, difficulty breathing, and nausea.

Ammonium polysulfide is an inorganic compound that is primarily used in three areas. First, it is used in the chemical industry in the production of sulfur-containing compounds, such as dyes, rubber additives, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Second, it is used in metal treatment processes, particularly for blackening or antiquing metal surfaces. Third, it is used in laboratory settings for various purposes including sulfurization of surfaces, chemical synthesis and analytical procedures. It can cause skin and eye irritation and respiratory issues. If accidentally exposed or ingested, immediate medical attention should be sought.

Ammonium sulfide is an inorganic compound that is used in the chemical industry as a reagent, in photography for developing black & white images, and in laboratory applications as a chemical reagent for analytical purposes. Ammonium sulfide is toxic if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Direct contact can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Symptoms to exposure may include irritation, burning sensation, coughing, difficulty breathing, and nausea.

Ammonium nitrate is primarily used as a high-nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture. It can be applied directly to soil or used in combination with other fertilizers to meet specific nutrient requirements. It is also a component in explosives and blasting agents, and in some instant cold packs or ice packs. Consumer health risks assocated with ammonium nitrate are primarily related to its potential for misuse or mishandling, paritucarly in the context of homemade explosives. Improper disposal or runoff of ammonium nitrate-containing fertilizers can lead to environmental pollution and eutrophication of water bodies.

Arsenic is naturally occurring and can be found in various forms, including inorganic arsenic compounds and organic arsenic compounds. Historic and current applications of arsenic compounds include wood preservatives, pesticides and herbicides, glass manufacturing, and medicinal use. Arsenic compounds pose significant health risks and have thus been strictly regulated in their use.

Asbestos fibers are naturally occurring minerals that used to be widely used in various industries due to their heat resistance, fire resistance, and insulating capabilities. They are microscopic fibers and can become airborne when asbestos-containing materials are disturbed or damaged. They used to be used in a wide range of products including building materials, automotive products, and industrial applications (heat-resistant fabrics and protective clothing). Exposure to asbestos can causes asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma, and other cancers.

Azocolourants, also known as azodyes, are a type of synthetic organic compound widely used as dyes in various industries. They are used in textiles (clothing upholstery, carpets), plastics (toys, packaging materials), printing inks (for paper and fabric), paints, cosmetics, and food products (including food dyes). Some azodyes have been found to release aromatic amines, which are considered potentially carcinogenic.

A class of quaternary ammonium compounds or “quats” used as preservatives or surfactants. Benzalkonium chlorides are associated with skin, eye, and respiratory irritation and allergies, including allergy-induced asthma. Can be found in products such as soaps, hand sanitizers, makeup removers, toners, and moisturizers.

Benzene is an organic chemical widely used in the production of numerous industrial chemicals and is also found naturally in crude oil and gasoline. Benzene is a precursor to many industrial chemicals, such as styrene (used in plastics), phenol (used in resins and adhesives), and cyclohexane (used in nylon production). It is not intentionally added to consumer products, but it may be present in trace amounts in products such as paints, adhesives, rubber products, cigarette smoke, and certain cleaning agents. Benzene is classified as a known human, and prolonged high-level exposure has been linked to various cancers.

Benzidine is an organic compound that has been used in the production of dyes, particularly azo dyes, which are widely used in the textile, leather, paper, and printing industries to color various materials. The use of benzidine and its derivatives has declined significantly due to health concerns associated with exposure to these compounds. It is classified as a known human carcinogen. Prolonged or high-level exposure to benzidine has been linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer, as well as cancers of the kidney, liver, and other organs. Benzidine has been heavily regulated or banned in many countries.

BBP is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a plasticizer in various PVC products such as vinyl flooring, wall coverings, cables, hoses, and flexible packaging materials. It may also be used as an additive in adhesives, sealants, coatings, and paints, and as a component in printing inks. BBP, like other phthalates, is known to exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties. Studies have shown that exposure to BBP may cause reproductive and developmental toxicity, respiratory and dermatological effects, and liver toxicity.

Bromoacetate acid is an organic compound that has, with its derivatives, various applications in the industrial, agricultural, and laboratory settings. Bromoacetate acid and its salts (such as sodium bromoacetate) have been used in herbicides in agriculture to inhibit plant growth. However, the use of bromoacetate acid herbicides has declined due to environmental and health concerns. It is highly toxic if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Direct exposure can cause severe irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Ingestion can lead to gastrointestinal irritation, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Synthetic antioxidants used to extend product shelf life. BHA is classified as a possible human carcinogen and has hormone disrupting properties. Concerns for BHT include reproductive toxicity, respiratory irritation, and environmental health hazards. BHA can be found in products such as lipsticks, eye liners, eye shadows, moisturizers, serums, and diaper creams. BHT can be found in these products and others including mascara, foundation, deodorant, and sunscreen.

These are a group of chemical compounds belonging to the class of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). They have been used in surface coatings (textiles, carpets, paper), firefighting foams, as chemical intermediates, electronics manufacturing, and in metal plating. These acids have raised environmental and health concerns due to their persistence, bioaccumlative potential, and toxicity. Long-term exposure may pose risks to human health, including potential effects on the liver, kidneys, immune system, and reproductive system.

Cadmium is a metal that is used in various industrial applications, but its use has declined in recent years due to health and environmental concerns. Some historical and current applications include batteries, plating, and pigments in paints, plastics, ceramics, and other products. Cadmium and its compounds are classified as human carcinogens and chronic exposure has been linked to an increased risk of various cancers, kidney damage, respiratory problems, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and bone fractures. There are strict regulations to reduce exposure and emissions of cadmium.

Also known as vinyl chloride, chloroethene is an organic compound that is flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. It is an industrial chemical primarily used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is a widely used plastic material. It is classified as a known human carcinogen, and when exposure occurs it is typically in occupational settings (i.e. workers involved in the production and processing of PVC). It is not typically found as an ingredient in consumer products. However, PVC is utilized in various consumer products such as pipes, window frames, flooring, packaging materials, and medical devices.

Chloroform was historically used as an anesthetic and solvent, but its use has been greatly restricted due to its toxicity and potential health risks. It may be found in industrial solvents, in trace amounts in consumer products (cleaning products, disinfectants, personal care products), and in laboratory chemicals. Exposure to chloroform poses several health risks including central nervous system depression, liver and kidney damage, respiratory and cardiovascular effects, developmental and reproductive effects, and cancer.

Chromium VI compounds are commonly used in industrial processes, including metal plating and surface finishing, chromate conversion coating, and corrosion inhibition. They are also used as pigments and dyes in paints, inks, and coatings, as wood preservatives, and in leather tanning. Chromium VI compounds are classified as human carcinogens and have been associated with lung cancer, nasal cancer, and other respiratory cancers and may also cause skin reactions, and respiratory effects.

Coal tar is a byproduct of coal processing that contains known human carcinogens and is harmful to both human health and the environment. Coal tar is sometimes used to treat skin conditions such as psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff). Coal tar can be found in products such as anti-dandruff shampoo. Coal tar hair dyes (ingredients that were originally derived from coal, but today are typically derived from petroleum) have been linked to eye damage, skin allergies, and cancer. Coal tar hair dyes, as the name suggests, can be found in hair dyes.

Creosote is a category of chemicals that is produced through the distillation of tar. It is commonly used as a wood preservative due to its ability to protect wood from decay and insect damage. Creosote poses several health risks including skin irritation, respiratory effects, cancer, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Due to the potential health risks associated with creosote exposure, regulatory agencies have established guidelines and regulations to limit occupational and environmental exposure.

Cyclohexane is used as a solvent in various industrial applications including paints and coatings, adhesives and sealans, and in the production of synthetic polymers (nylon, polyester, and polyurethane). Direct exposure to liquid or vapor cyclohexane in workplace settings may cause skin irritation, eye irritation, neurotoxic effects, and reproductive and developmental toxicity.

D5 is commonly used as an ingredient in personal care products such as hair care products (shampoos, conditioners, styling products), skin care products (lotions, creams, moisturizers), and cosmetics (foundations, sunscreens). It is also used in formulations for paints, coatings, adhesives, and sealants. As with other cyclic siloxanes, concerns have been raised about the potential environmental and health impacts of D5. There is also ongoing research to assess its potential effects on human health, including its role as an endocrine disruptor and its potential to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity.

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a chemical compound that is primarily used as a plasticizer in the production of PVC and other polymers such as vinyl flooring, wall coverings, cables, hoses, and flexible packaging materials. It has also been used as an additive in adhesives, sealants, coatings, and paints as well as a component in printing inks, cosmetics, and personal care products. DBP, like other phthalates, is known to exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties. Studies have also shown that it may cause reproductive and developmental disorders, respiratory and dermatological effects, and liver toxicity.

Dibutyltin hydrogen borate has been primarily used as a catalyst in various industrial processes, particularly in the production of polyurethane foams and other polyurethane-based products such as adhesives and sealants, and coatings and elastomers. Considered toxic, high levels of exposure to dibutyltin hydrogen borate can lead to adverse health effects such as neurological damage, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. There are strict regulations to limit the use and exposure of dibutyltin hydrogen borate.

Dichloromethane, also known as methylene chloride, is widely used as a solvent in paint stripping, chemical synthesis, extraction, adhesives and sealnts, and metal cleaning and degreasing. Dichloromethane is classified as a probable human carcinogent based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Exposure can cause liver tumors, lung tumors, and mammary gland tumors. While there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, occupational exposure has been associated with an increased risk of liver cancer and lunch cancer.

Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) is primarily used as a preservative and fungicide in various consumer products and industrial applications. It is added to products to prevent microbial growth, extend shelf life, and protect against mold, mildew, and fungi. It is commonly used in leath goods, textiles, electronics, and pharmaceuticals such as topical creams and personal care products. Direct contact with products containing DMF may cause allergic contact dermatitis, ecxematous lesions, or hives.

Diisobutyl Phthalate (DIBP) is a chemical compound commonly used as a plasticizer to impart flexibility and durability to various polymer products. It is primarily used in the production of PVC and other polymers such as vinyl flooring, wall coverings, cables, hoses, and flexible packaging materials. It may also be used as an additive to adhesives, sealants, coatings, and paints, as well as a component in printing inks. Like other phthalates, it is known to exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties. Some studies have also shown that it may be toxic to reproductive and developmental processes, to the liver, and pose respiratory and dermatological risks.

Diisocynates play a crucial role in the manufacturing of various polyurethane materials, including foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants, and elastomers. Direct inhalation or skin contact with diisocynates can cause irritation to the respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. It has also been linked to occupational asthma, allergic sensitization, and other respiratory disorders.

Diphenylether is a chemical compound that is primarily used as a heat transfer fluid, a solvent, and as a chemical intermediate. As an intermediate, it is used in the production of other compounds, including pharmaceuticals, fragrances, dyes, and polymers. Diphenylether has low acute toxicity, and exposure to small amounts is not expected to cause immediate harm. However, prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause irritation, redness, and dermatitis.

A chelating agent (metal ion binder) added to cosmetics to support preservation and formula stability. It is known to cause skin and eye irritation. EDTA salts, such as tetrasodium EDTA, can be even more irritating to the skin, eye, and respiratory system. EDTA and EDTA salts can be found in products such as shampoo, conditioner, moisturizers, masks, serums, toners, and foundation.

A class of chemicals that includes monoethanolamine (MEA), deiethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA) among others. Ethanolamines function variably as surfactants, emulsifiers, and pH adjusters, and are associated with skin and respiratory irritation and skin allergy. DEA can react with nitrites in cosmetics to form nitrosamines which are linked to cancer. Ethanolamines can be found in products such as hair dyes, hand sanitizers, mascara, foundation, masks, shaving cream, fragrances, and sunscreens.

These substances can ignite and burn in the presence of air or oxygen. They pose a significant fire hazard and can lead to explosions if not handled properly. Both category 1 and 2 flammable gasses are commonly used in various industrial, commercial, and residential applications. They are used as fuel sources for heating, cooking, and power generation, as well as in chemical synthesis, welding, and manufacturing processes. The health risks primarily stem from their flammability and potential for explosion. Some flammable gasses may have acute toxic effects, neurological damage, cardiovascular effects, and pose reproductive and developmental risks.

These substances can ignite and burn in the presence of an ignition source, such as a spark or flame. Examples of category 1 flammable liquids include gasoline, acetone, and diethyl either. These liquids are commonly used as fuels, solvents, and cleaning agents in various industrial, commercial, and household applications. Category 2 liquids have higher flash points and boiling points, but still pose a significant fire hazard and can ignite easily under certain conditions. Examples of category 2 liquids include ethanol, methanol, and toluene. These liquids are used in solvents, fuels, and raw materials in various industrial processes and consumer products. Category 3 liquids have higher flash points and boiling points compared to category 1 or 2 liquids, making them less volatile and less pron to ignition. However, they still pose a fire hazard under certain conditions. Examples include diesel fuel, kerosene, and mineral spirits. There are health risks for each category, including kidney damage, neurological disorders, and reproductive toxicity.

Flammable solids category 1 or 2 are substances that can ignite and burn when exposed to an ignition source, such as heat, friction, or sparks. Category 1 solids have a high degree of flammability and can ignite easily under normal conditions. They pose a severe fire hazard and may self-ignite in air without the need for an external ignition source. Examples include certain metal powders, some organic peroxides, and certain chemical compounds that undergo exothermic reactions. They are commonly used in pyrotechnics, fireworks, and certain industrial processes. Category 2 solids have a lower degree of flammability but still pose a significant fire hazard under certain conditions. These solids may ignite readily with an external ignition source and burn vigorously once ignited. Examples include certain metal alkoxides, metal hydrides, and finely divided organic materials. These solids are used in various industrial processes such as metal casting, welding, and woodworking. Health risks associated with both include respiratory irritation, skin sensitization, and organ damage.

Formaldehyde is a known human carcinogen and associated with skin, throat, and lung irritation as well as asthma. Formaldehyde can be found in nail hardeners and hair straightening and smoothing products. Formaldehyde-releasers are preservatives that act by releasing formaldehyde into a product over an extended period. Example formaldehyde-releasers include quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3 diol (Bronopol). Formaldehyde-releasers are prevalent in beauty and personal care products and can be found in shampoo, conditioner, body wash, bubble bath, scrubs, and after sun care products.

Both are species of flowering plants belonging to the Helleborus genus, commonly known as hellebores or Christmas rose. The root of these plants has a long history of use in traditional medicine, particularly in herbalism. It has historically been used in medicinal teas and infusions and topical applications like natural cosmetics and skincare products. However, the ingestion or use of the root powder can be toxic if not properly prepared or dosed. It containers toxic compounds such as cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, and saponins, which can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and other adverse effects if consumed in large quantities.

Hexachloroethane is a synthetic chemical compound that has been used in various industrial applications, but its use has declined in recent years due to environmental and health concerns. Historically, it was primarily used as a smoke agent in smoke grenades, smoke bombs, and smoke screens. It has also been used as a chemical intermediate in the production of certain organic compounds, such as dyes, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. It is classified as a human carcinogen, with studies that have shown an increased incidence of tumors in animals exposed to hexachloroethane. Acute exposure and chronic exposure pose health risks including respiratory irritation, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, central nervous system effects, liver and kidney damage, and neurological effects. Due to its hazardous properties and potential health risks, the use of hexachloroethane has been restricted or banned in many countries.

A skin-lightening chemical that inhibits the production of melanin and is linked to cancer, neurotoxicity, hormone disruption, and developmental effects during pregnancy. Other effects include eye irritation, skin irritation, and skin discoloration. Can be found in products such as skin-lightening creams.

Inorganic ammonium salts are used in agricultural fertilizers, chemical manufacturing (including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pigments), water treatment processes, food additives and flavoring agents, and in laboratory experiments. Inorganic ammonium salts are generally considered to have low acute toxicity when used as intended. However, ingestion and inhalation of large quantities may cause adverse health effects such as respiratory irritation, corrosive effects, and allergic reactions. Excessive use in fertilization can also contribute to water pollution, eutrophication of water bodies, and harmful algal blooms.

Lead carbonate was historically used in various applications, but its use has significantly declined due to health concerns related to lead exposure. It used to be used as a pigment in paints, in cosmetic products (such as face powders and makeup), and in ceramic glazes. Its use in cosmetics in particular has been largely discontinued. Lead is a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the body over time, leading to various adverse health effects including neurological, hematological, renal, reproductive and development, and cardiovascular. Strict regulations have been established to limit lead exposure in consumer products and industrial processes.

Lead sulfate historically was used in many compounds, but its use has significantly declined due to health concerns related to lead exposure. It was used in battery manufacturing and as a pigment in paints, ceramics, and other products to achieve colors and effects. Lead is a toxic heavy metal and exposure can cause health risks such as neurological effects, hematological effects, renal effects, reproductive and development effects, and cardiovascular effects. Regulatory agencies have established strict regulations to limit lead exposure in the use of consumer products and industrial processes.

MDI is a chemical compound primarily used in the production of polyurethane foams, elastomers, coatings, adhesives, and sealants. These polyurethane materials are used in various industries for insulation, cushioning, packing, construction, automotive components, furniture, and footwear. The health risks associated with MDI result from direct contact, chronic contact or inhalation typically in workplace settings.

Preservatives associated with hormone disruption, neurotoxicity, skin irritation, skin allergy, and respiratory irritation. Can be found in products such as shampoo, conditioner, body wash, moisturizers, and hand soap.

Mercury is a heavy, dense metal that has historically been used in several applications including the production of thermometers and barometers, electrical equipment, dental amalgams, and laboratory equipment. However, the use of mercury has been largely phased out or restricted due to its toxicity and environmental impact. Exposure to mercury can lead to various adverse health effects, and due to this regulatory agencies have established strict regulations to limit mercury emissions and exposure in various industries.

Monomethyl-tetrachloro diphenyl methane is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) and is typically classified as a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener. PCBs are a group of synthetic organic compounds that were widely used in various industrial applications, such as electrical transformers, capacitors, hydraulic systems, and lubricants, due to their chemical stability, electrical insulating properties, and flame retardancy. PCBs have been largely phased out or banned due to their persistence in the environment, bioaccumulative properties, and adverse effects on human health and the environment. They are known to be toxic and have been linked to a range of health issues including reproductive and development problems, immune system disorders, neurotoxicity, and cancer.

Monomethyl-dichloro-diphenyl methane is a type of organochlorine compound, which are synthetic chemicals that were widely used in various industrial applications such as pesticides, solvents, flame retardants, and chemical intermediates. It has been phased out or banned due to its persistence in the environment, bioaccumulative properties, and adverse effects on human health and the environment. Monomethyl-dichloro-diphenyl methane is known to be toxic and has been linked to a range of health issues, including reproductive and development problems, immune system disorders, neurotoxicity, and cancer.

Nickel is a chemical element that has numerous industrial applications. It is a key component in the production of stainless steel, which is used in a wide variety of products such as cookware, cutlery, appliances, and construction materials. It is also commonly alloyed with other metals for use in aerospace components, electrical wiring, automotive parts, and industrial machinery. Nickel is also used in electroplating and in rechargeable batteries. While nickel is widely used in several industries, it can pose health risks to humans, particularly through occupational exposure.

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are nonionic sulfates that are commonly used in various industrial and commercial applications such as industrial cleaning products, textile processing, pulp and paper production, and as agricultural pesticides and herbicides. NPEs have been identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and may lead to adverse effects on reproductive, developmental, and immune functions.

D4 is used in personal care products such as hair care (shampoo, conditioner, styling products), skin care products (lotions, creams, moisturizers), and cosmetics (foundations, sunscreens). It is also used in sealants, adhesives, coatings, electrical insulators, and medical implants. D4 is persistent in the environment and can bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. There is also ongoing research to assess its potential effects on human health, including its role as an endocrine disruptor and its potential to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity.

Organostannic compounds have been used in various industrial and commercial applications, but their use has declined in recent years due to environmental and health concerns. It has been used in paints, coatings, textiles, and wood preservatives to inhibit the growth of fungi, algae, and other microorganisms. It has been used as a plasticizer in the production of PVC to improve flexibility and durability. And, it has also been used as additives in adhesives, sealants, and caulks to improve bonding and resistance to moisture, heat, and chemicals. Exposure to high levels of organostannic compounds can be toxic and lead to neurological damage, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. Due to their toxicity, the use of these compounds is highly regulated and alternatives have been adopted.

O-Nitrobenzaldehyde is an organic compound that is found in the production of various chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates. It is used in the pharmaceutical industry to synthesize active pharmaceutical ingredients or key intermediates for drugs. It may pose health risks if handled improperly or if exposure occurs at high concentrations. Some potential health risks include irritation, sensitization, and toxicity.

Synthetic chemical ultraviolet light (UV) filters associated with skin irritation and hormone disruption. Critically, these substances are harmful to aquatic organisms including coral reefs. Can be found in products such as sunscreen and SPF moisturizers.

A class of preservatives commonly used to prevent the growth of bacteria and mold. Example parabens include methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and isobutyl paraben. Various studies have revealed hormone disrupting effects and skin allergies of certain parabens. Can be found in products such as shampoo, face cleansers, body wash, body lotion, lipstick, mascara, foundation, and sunscreen.

Sometimes referred to as PCE, pentachloroethane has been used in various industrial applications, though its use has declined due to health and environmental concerns. It has been used as a solvent such as metal degreasing, dry cleaning, and as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. Exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. It is considered harmful if absorbed either through short term or long term exposure. It is also considered a potential carcinogen.

A class of thousands of chemicals with consumer and industrial applications. In consumer applications, PFAS are used to impart water, oil, stain, and grease resistance. Some of the most well-studied PFAS have been linked to effects including cancer, harm to the immune system, reproductive toxicity, and hormone disruption. PFAS are highly persistent in the environment, leading to widespread, global contamination of water, soil, and air. Can be found in products such as non-stick pots and pans, water resistant outdoor gear, food packaging, shaving creams, foundation, mascara, and eye liners.

Phenylmercury compounds have been used for various purposes in the past, but their use has declined due to concerns about their toxicity. Historically, they were used a biocides and fungicides in agriculture to control pests, mold, and fungi on crops; and as preservatives in cosmetics, personal care products, and pharmaceutical formulations to revent bacterial and fungal contamination. Dermal contact with phenylmercury compounds can cause skin irritation, allergic dermatitis, and contact dermatitis. The compounds can penetrate the skin barrier and induce hypersensitivity reactions, erythema, and pruritus. Overall, phenylmercury compounds are highly toxic substances with potential health risks to humans and the environment. Their use has been restricted r banned in many countries due to these concerns.

A class of chemicals frequently added to plastics, in particular polyvinyl chloride (PVC), to make the materials more pliable or softer. Example phthalates include butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is particularly relevant to beauty and personal care as it can be used to enhance fragrance. Phthalates have been linked to several reproductive and developmental effects including early onset puberty, reduced sperm count, and harm to the developing brain. Can be found in plastics packaging, nail polish, and fragrances.

PBBs are a group of synthetic chemicals that were historically used as flame retardants in various consumer products and industrial applications. They were commonly added to plastics, textiles, foams, and other materials to reduce their flammability and meet fire safety regulations. They pose several health risks such as carcinogenicity, endocrine disruption, and neurotoxicity. Due to these concerns, the production and use of PBBs have been restricted or banned in many countries.

Polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) are a group of synthetic chemicals that are derivatives of terphenyl. They were traditionally and primarily used as dielectric fluids in capacitors and transformers due to their electrical insulating properties and thermal stability. They are considered pollutants and are highly toxic to humans and the environment. Due to the associated environmental and health concerns, PCTs are not commonly found in products today.

Polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds generated during the incomplete combustion of organic materials, including fossil fuels, biomass, and tobacco. They are present in vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, residential heating, and cooking emissions. Several PAHs are classified as human carcinogens, as long-term exposure to high levels have been associated with an increased risk of developing cancers. They also have mutagenic and genotoxic properties, respiratory effects, developmental and reproductive effects, and skin effects.

PEGs are widely used in cosmetics as thickeners, solvents, softeners, and moisture-carriers. Depending on the manufacturing process, PEGs may be contaminated with ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane—both carcinogenic. Can be found in products such as skin creams, sunscreen, and shampoo.

Pyrophoric liquids or solids category 1 are substances that are capable of igniting spontaneously in air at or below 130 degrees fahrenheit. These substances pose a severe fire hazard and require special handling and storage precautions to prevent accidents. Category 1 substances are used in various industrial processes, research laboratories, and other specialized applications. Examples include metal alkyls, organometallic compounds, and metal powders. The health risks associated with these substances primarily stem from their fire and explosion hazards.

Derivatives of retinol (Vitamin A). When applied to skin in the presence of sunlight, retinoic acid and retinyl palmitate may increase the risk of skin cancer. Excessive Vitamin A intake raises concerns for other health impacts including liver toxicity, and developmental toxicity of particular concern for pregnant women. Can be found in products such as moisturizers and anti-aging creams.

Soap bark powder, also known as soap bark extract or quillaja extract, is derived from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria tree, native to South America. Due to its chemical makeup, it has been used as an alternative to synthetic surfactants commonly found in commercial cleaning and personal care products. It is used in a variety of products including shampoos and conditioners, body washes and shower gels, facial cleansers, and hand soaps. It can also be found in cleaning products and some pharmaceutical/nutraceutical products. Soap bark is generally considered safe when used in cosmetic and cleaning products at appropriate concentrations. However, some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to it, leading to skin irritation or allergic reactions upon contact.

Surfactants associated with skin irritation and skin allergy. SLES is often contaminated with 1,4-dioxane, a byproduct of a process called ethoxylation used to manufacture SLES. 1,4-Dioxane is a probable human carcinogen and hormone disruptor. SLS and SLES can be found in products such as shampoo, body wash, and bubble bath.

Substances classified as carcinogen category 1A or 1B are known human carcinogens or presumed to be human carcinogens, respectively. Examples of such substances include asbestos, formaldehyde, benzene, arsenic compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and n-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Consumer products that may contain these substances vary depending on regional regulations, manufacturing processes, and product formations. However, they may be found in personal care products (hair dyes, nail polish, cosmetics), cleaning products (solvents, degreasers, air fresheners), and textiles & apparel (dyes, finishes, flame retardants). Carcinogenic substances have the potential to cause cancer, irritate respiratory tract, cause skin irritation/allergic reactions/dermatitis, neurological impairment, reproductive and developmental defects, endocrine disruption, and immune system dysfunction.

Substances classified as reproductive toxicant category 1A or 1B are those that have been identified as posing significant risks to human reproductive health. Examples of classified substances include lead and lead compounds, mercury compounds, phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), organophosphate pesticides, and glycol ethers. These substances can be found in various consumer products such as plastic products, personal care products (cosmetics, skincare products, hair care products, fragrances), cleaning products, pesticides and herbicides, some food and beverage products, children’s products, and textiles and apparel. The health risks vary depending on type of chemical and level of exposure. Some potential health risks include reproductive dysfunction, developmental effects, endocrine disruption, adverse pregnancy outcomes, neurodevelopmental effects, immune dysfunction, cancer, and heritable effects.

Category 1 includes chemicals that react violently or explosively with water to release large quantities of flammable gasses. Category 2 reactions may not be as rapid or violent as category 1, but still produce flammable gasses. Category 3 substances and mixtures emit flammable gasses at a moderate rate. Examples of substances and mixtures that may be classified in these categories include alkali metals, metal hybrids, certain organometallic compounds, and water-reactive chemicals. These substances are not typically used in consumer products. However, there are some that may contain trace amounts like batteries, cleaning products, and swimming pool chemicals.

Tattoo inks and permanent makeup include a variety of substances ot produce the desired colors and effects. These include pigments (carbon black, iron oxides, titanium dioxide, and various organic dyes), carrier solutions, binders (acrylics, shellac, and cellulose derivatives), stabilizers, modifiers, and contaminants (heavy metals, microbial agents, and other impurities). These contaminants can pose health risks if they are present in high concentrations or if they are introduced into the skin during the tattooing process. The composition of tattoo inks and permanent makeup pigments can vary widely depending on the manufacturer and the specific product. Some tattoo inks and permanent makeup pigments may contain ingredients that have been linked to allergic reactions, skin irritation, or other adverse effects.

Synthetic polymer microparticles are small particles made from synthetic polymers through various manufacturing processes. They have a wide range of applications, including: drug delivery, biomedical imaging, diagnostics, microencapsulation, personal care products (lotions, creams, and cosmetics), environmental remediation, and research tools. Their use in personal care products have raised concerns about potential health risks such as skin irritation, skin penetration (leading to systemic exposure), and environmental pollution.

Tetrachloroethane is primarily used as a solvent and as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. Exposure to tetrachloroethane can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. It is considered harmful if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin. Short-term exposure to high levels can cause dizziness, headaches, nausea, and irritation of the respiratory tract. Long-term exposure may lead to liver and kidney damage, as well as central nervous system effects. It is considered a potential carcinogen.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane is used as a solvent and in the production of various chemicals. Its use has declined due to health and environmental concerns, and many applications have switched to safer alternatives. It is harmful if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin. Short-term exposure to high levels of trichloroethane vapor can cause dizziness, headaches, nausea, and irritation of the respiratory tract. Long-term exposure may lead to liver and kidney damage, as well as central nervous system effects. It is also considered a potential carcinogen.

Hundreds of ingredients may be used to scent or flavor products, and they are often a claimed trade secret. Attn: Grace does not use fragrances or flavors linked to harmful health effects like cancer and hormone disruption in our products. Unsafe flavors and fragrances can be found in all types of beauty and personal care products.

A mineral with known issues of asbestos contamination. Asbestos is a known human carcinogen of the respiratory system. Talc powder has also been linked to ovarian cancer (feminine hygiene product applications) and respiratory irritation (including to infants via talc-based baby powder). Can be found in products such as body powders and powder-based color cosmetics.

A volatile solvent that is toxic to the central nervous system (headaches, fatigue, nausea) and is also a developmental toxicant (has the potential to cause birth defects). Toluene is especially of concern to nail salon workers and nail technicians who can experience higher levels of toluene exposure via their occupation. Can be found in products such as nail polish, nail hardeners, and nail polish thinners.

TES is commonly used in various industrial applications such as an adhesion promoter, surface modifier to enhance performance of coatings, paints, and ahdesives, and as a hydrophobic coating in building materials, automotive surfaces, textiesl, and electronic devices. Direct contact or inhalation with the liquid or vapor may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.

Antimicrobial agents that are harmful to the reproductive system and toxic to aquatic organisms. Studies have shown that triclosan can disrupt normal functioning of hormone systems in a manner that may promote breast and ovarian cancers and interfere with metabolism. Can be found in products such as liquid soap, soap bars, and toothpaste.

Trichlorobenzene is a chemical compound that is primarily used as a solvent and as a precursor in the synthesis of other chemicals. It can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract upon direct contact or inhalation of vapor or mist. Prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to more severe health effects, including liver and kidney damage, neurological symptoms, and respiratory disorder. It may also increase the risk of developing certain cancers and may have toxic effects on fertility, fetal development, and offspring survival.

Tris(aziridinyl)phosphinoxide (TAPO) is primarily used as a crosslinking agent in the production of thermosetting polymers. These polymers are found in coatings, adhesives, sealants, and other industrial products where high-performing materials are required. It may irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract upon contact or inhalation. Due to potential toxicity upon exposure, it can also cause symptoms such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and respiratory irritation. Chronic exposure may lead to more serious health effects.

Tris phosphate, also known as trisodium phosphate (TSP) or sodium phosphate tribasic, is a compound commonly used in various industrial and household applications. It is commonly used as a heavy-duty cleaner and degreaser in household cleaning products such as powdered laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, and all-purpose cleaners. It is also used in the food industry as an emulsifier, buffering agent, and pH regulator in processed foods and beverages. It is linked to health risks such as skin and eye irritation, respiratory irritation, digestive tract irritation, and corrosive effects to tissues.

TMS is commonly used as an adhesion promoter, a surface treatment agent for materials ingluding glass, ceramics, and plastics, and as a hydrophobic coating and water repellent treatment for building materials, automotive surfaces, textiles, and electronic devices. Direct contact with or inhalation of the liquid or vapor may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.

Commonly known as false hellebores or white hellebores, the root of the plants contain toxic compounds such as alkaloids (veratrine, jervine, cevadine). Due to their toxicity, these plants are not typically used in modern consumer products for direct consumption or topical application, but have been used in traditional herbal medicine and homeopathic remedies.

Vinylidene chloride is a precursor for the polymer polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC). PVDC is used as a barrier material in food packaging, particularly in the production of cling wrap and shrink wrap. It provides excellent barrier protection against moisture, oxygen, and other gasses, helping to extend the shelf life of packaged food products. It is also used in the production of other certain plastics and synthetic rubbers. It is considered harmful if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin. It is considered a potential carcinogen to humans. Due to its harmful effects, its use has declined in recent years and an effort has been made to find safer alternatives.

Wood powder is a finely ground form of wood obtained by milling or grinding wood chips, sawdust, or other wood materials. It is commonly used in various industries for its versatility and eco-friendly properties. It is sometimes used in cosmetics and personal care products as an exfoliating agent or absorbent. While it is generally considered safe and non-toxic, there are some potential health risks associated with its use especially in settings where exposure levels may be higher. These health risks include respiratory irritation, allergies and sensitization, and carcinogenicity.

This glossary is for informational purposes only, whether or not it features the advice of physicians and/or medical practitioners. This glossary is not, nor is it intended to be, a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and should never be relied upon for specific medical advice. The views expressed in this article are the views of the experts cited herein and do not necessarily represent the views of Attn: Grace.